The flora of southern Africa, and more particularly the Cape Floral Kingdom, is one of the richest and most diverse in the world: within an area smaller than a quarter of California, approximately 9,000 plant species have been recorded, of which 68% are endemic. This floral kingdom, although the smallest of the six global floristic kingdoms at only 90,000 km², represents the greatest concentration of plant species on Earth. This site, created by Michael L. Charters, is the result of several botanical expeditions conducted in South Africa between 1998 and 2012, notably alongside botanical expert Cameron McMaster, and is based on the official taxonomy of the Plants of Southern Africa checklist published by the South African National Biodiversity Institute. It offers a photographic gallery accompanied by scientific identifications and common names drawn from the 11 official South African languages, reflecting both the cultural and natural richness of this region.

PlantZAfrica.com is a reference website dedicated to indigenous plants of southern Africa and related topics, managed by the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI). It offers a variety of sections covering plants, vegetation and the uses of South African plants.

African Plants – A Photo Guide, hosted by the Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg in Frankfurt (Germany), is an identification tool and photographic archive of vascular plants of Africa. It allows species to be searched by alphabetical list or by morphological criteria such as leaf shape, flower colour or plant habit. The images, mostly taken in natural settings, are freely available for non-commercial scientific and educational purposes.

Alpinissimum is a website created by a German biologist with a passion for alpine botany, born in 1961 into a family of gardeners. It is dedicated to mountain plants and their fascinating ability to adapt to the extreme conditions of high altitudes. The site also explores the biogeographical links between European alpine, arctic and North American floras, illustrating how certain so-called circumpolar species managed to cross geographical barriers over the course of the ice ages.

Günther's Homepage is a bilingual (German/English) website dedicated to European orchids and their hybrids, created in 2001. Each species and variety has a detailed page including nomenclature, etymology and biographies of the botanist authors, accompanied by numerous geolocated field photographs. For example, Ophrys apifera var. aurita is photographed at several locations in Germany, illustrating the morphological variability of the species.

The Brocken Botanical Garden (Harz), founded in 1890 by Professor Peter and restored after German reunification, brings together around 1,600 high-altitude plants from around the world. This trilingual site (French, German, English) offers a gallery of 2,600 photos taken by an enthusiastic visitor during his many excursions on the Brocken, with plants listed in Latin alphabetical order.

This interactive flora, shared on Flickr by the Station Alpine Joseph Fourier (France) in collaboration with the University of Bariloche (Argentina), presents the flora and vegetation of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, on both the Argentine and Chilean sides. Plants are classified by geographical sites, habitats and types (trees, shrubs) and illustrated by photos grouped in several thematic albums, such as the Nahuel Huapi, Lanin and Torres del Paine national parks, as well as high Andean vegetation.

This photo collection, shared by the Station Alpine Joseph Fourier (France), offers a glimpse of the richness and beauty of the Chilean Andean flora. The images are organised by regions and habitats (mountains, valleys, national parks) and benefit from identifications by several specialist botanists including Dr. Cavieres, Heibl, Sheader, Prina and Nickrent.

This bilingual site is dedicated to the study of the flora of the páramos, high-mountain ecosystems located between 3,000 and 5,000 metres above sea level in the equatorial Andes (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru), recognised for their extraordinary biodiversity and high levels of endemism. It presents several scientific projects on the flora of these fragile environments, threatened by climate change and glacial retreat, whose consequences for the hydrological cycle could be catastrophic for Andean countries.

Flora Argentina is a major scientific project aimed at cataloguing and describing all the vascular plants of Argentine territory, with historical roots going back to the 19th century. Coordinated since the 1990s by the Botanical Museum of the University of Córdoba, it has already published more than 105 fascicles covering a quarter of the country's species. Today, the project is entering an ambitious new phase: in addition to printed volumes, information will be available online, accompanied by illustrations, field photographs and identification keys. It is a valuable tool for both scientists and the general public.

This amateur site, created by Italo Specogna, offers a photographic collection of the native and introduced flora of the province of Mendoza (Argentina), classified by plant types: trees, shrubs, herbs and cacti. Without scientific pretension, it is aimed at people wishing to identify species through simple observation, and relies on photo comparisons and references from professional contributors.

This site, created by Franz Hadacek, an enthusiastic alpine plant lover living in Vienna, presents photos of plants encountered during his botanical travels in Europe, Greece, Turkey, Nepal and elsewhere. Here you will discover in particular the alpine flora of Austria.

This photographic database of wild plants of Austria, affiliated with the Natural History Museum of Vienna (NHM Wien), documents more than 3,000 species illustrated by over 5,000 photos, classified by families and genera. It is an essential scientific reference for Austrian flora.

The site wilde-planten.nl, created in 2001 by Klaas Dijkstra, is a very comprehensive non-commercial resource dedicated to wild plants of the Netherlands and Belgium, cataloguing 2,073 vascular plants (species and subspecies) observed in the wild in both countries. The site draws on recognised botanical references, including the Standaardlijst van de Nederlandse Flora 2020 and the 24th edition of Heukels for species nomenclature. A passionate lover of native plants, the author has maintained since 1984 a natural garden of around 4,000 m² in south-east Friesland, which serves as an observation and photography site. The site is continually enriched and updated, in particular to incorporate new species gradually establishing themselves in the region as a result of climate change.

The Bhutan Biodiversity Portal is a collaborative platform dedicated to the biodiversity of Bhutan, cataloguing more than 5,346 species (plants, animals, fungi and more), illustrated by photos and geolocated observations. Species can be browsed by scientific name, taxonomic group or map, and anyone can contribute by adding observations.

This site presents the flora of Bulgaria with detailed species pages (photos, description, conservation status, distribution), classified by families, genera and species, with an openly religious and creationist perspective.

This site, produced by Susan J. Meades and William J. Meades, presents all vascular plant species of Canada's easternmost province. It offers comprehensive identification tools: checklist, descriptions, identification keys, photo gallery and glossary, and is regularly updated with new data.

This site presents itself as an online field guide dedicated to the wildflowers of Ontario (Canada), with descriptions and photos searchable by numerous criteria: common or scientific name, colour, habitat, season, edibility, etc. Although focused on Ontario, most of the species featured are found throughout eastern North America and even worldwide, making it a useful resource well beyond the province.

An online biogeographic atlas of the flora of British Columbia (vascular plants, bryophytes, lichens, algae, fungi and myxomycetes), developed by the University of British Columbia. It offers advanced search tools for identifying species by family, genus, habitat, morphology or conservation status, and incorporates a significant **citizen science** component with photos submitted by the public and validated by experts.

Chilebosque is a collaborative online project dedicated to the flora of Chile, offering information pages and detailed photographs of trees, shrubs, herbs, cacti, orchids, ferns, mosses, lichens and fungi found in the country's various ecosystems. The site also provides a resource library including species distribution maps, botanical definitions, and guides on how to propagate native plants or create herbaria. Visitors can also interact through a biodiversity forum to identify species, ask questions or join field trips.

An interactive database and encyclopaedia cataloguing more than 2,202 Chilean plant species, accompanied by over 20,353 photos, allowing users to search and identify plants according to numerous criteria such as family, plant type, cold or drought tolerance. The site also offers detailed thematic lists covering endemic, medicinal, edible and toxic plants, as well as species adapted to specific habitats such as the Atacama Desert or Patagonia. Interactive identification keys allow a species to be determined from its visual characteristics or its geographical location in Chile.

Chloris Chilensis is a Chilean journal of flora and vegetation that addresses, among other topics, the taxonomy of Chilean orchids, estimated at around 48 species according to classical references, although the authors suggest this number is underestimated due to excessive synonymisation based primarily on herbarium specimens. The journal highlights the taxonomic difficulties arising from persistent geographical variations and the natural tendency of species in the genus Chloraea to form hybrids, thus complicating their classification. It also provides a comprehensive inventory of currently recognised Chilean orchids, together with their conservation status.

A scientific reference flora covering all vascular plants of China across some twenty thematic volumes, from pteridophytes to angiosperms. Each volume brings together several families with detailed descriptions, identification keys and author lists, forming an exhaustive and collaborative taxonomic resource at the national scale.

Swild.cn (西南山地) is a Chinese website dedicated to the biodiversity of south-west China, offering information on the animals, plants, fungi, ecosystems and protected areas of the region. It is distinguished by stunning photographs of natural landscapes and wildlife, as illustrated by this majestic image of the Siguniang Mountains (四姑娘山). The site is a valuable visual and scientific resource for exploring the exceptional natural richness of south-west China.

Flora Vascular is a collaborative and evolving project dedicated to the flora of Andalusia, a region of exceptional plant biodiversity with around 3,300 species, 300 subspecies and some 450 endemic species spread across 160 families. The site places particular emphasis on eastern Andalusia, highlighting both the floristic richness and the environmental fragility of certain specific areas. It draws on original photographs by Jesús Vílchez and Julián Fuentes, supplemented by contributions from several volunteer collaborators.

Almería Natural also features a Floripedia, a true photographic encyclopaedia of the region's flora, organised by botanical genera such as poppies (Papaver), knapweeds, violets and buttercups. Each species is presented with beautiful high-quality macro photographs, accompanied by precise information on altitude, flowering period and location. This meticulous work by Antonio Soriano García makes Almería Natural an essential visual and botanical reference for the flora of eastern Andalusia.

Joyas Botánicas de Almería is a passionate collaborative project led by two amateurs, Andrés Ivorra Jiménez and José Miguel García Torres, dedicated to the rare, endemic and threatened flora of the province of Almería. The result of many years of fieldwork and considerable voluntary effort, the site now offers more than 360 illustrated pages with over 4,300 photographs, freely accessible online. The project even led to an exceptional discovery: Gadoria falukei, a new genus of vascular plant — an extremely rare occurrence in Europe — found by these two passionate amateurs.

A site dedicated to the remarkable plants of the Pyrenees, a mountain range whose altitude, snow and frost have shaped, over the centuries, a flora of unique character. It hosts a rich diversity of Euro-Siberian, alpine and endemic species, distributed across meadows, screes and forests. The site presents a photographic selection of this exceptional flora, arranged in alphabetical order, as seen by an enthusiastic admirer of this natural heritage.

Asturnatura is a comprehensive naturalist portal covering more than 45,000 species of plants, animals and geology, while also integrating cultural heritage with over 1,100 monuments. The flora section draws on an active community of contributors who share geolocated photographic observations, with more than 5,000 photographs accompanied by precise data on habitat, date and location. This lively and participatory site stands out for its holistic approach, combining botany, fauna and culture in a single platform.

A botanical database dedicated to the vascular flora of western Andalusia, covering all major plant groups — Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms — organised by families and accompanied by distribution maps for Spain, Portugal and Andorra. The site features a multi-criteria search engine allowing simultaneous queries across families, genera, species, synonyms and vernacular names. It also integrates identification tools, a storage area and a forum, making it a comprehensive reference for the study of the vascular flora of the Iberian Peninsula.

A photographic site dedicated to the wild flora of the western Mediterranean basin, offering extensive search options by family, scientific name, vernacular name or ecology. It features varied thematic sections covering specific territories such as the Pyrenees, Sierra Nevada, the Canary Islands, Morocco and the Sahara, as well as pages on endemic, invasive and non-native species. This geographical and thematic richness makes it a particularly comprehensive reference tool for exploring the floristic diversity of the entire Mediterranean and Macaronesian region.

An illustrated botanical guide created by Merche S. Calle and Juan Enrique Gómez, offering 2,620 species pages accompanied by 9,000 photos and videos covering the vascular flora of the Iberian Peninsula and beyond. The site stands out for the richness of its thematic content, with monographs on Sierra Nevada, a dossier on the botanical legacy of Al-Andalus, guides to cacti, poisonous and invasive plants, and a red list of threatened flora of Andalusia. This simultaneously scientific and cultural approach makes it an original reference, combining botany, history and Mediterranean heritage.

Flora of Catalonia. Awaiting availability.

Flors Silvestres de Catalunya is the passionate work of Joan Altimira i Noguero, a mountaineer turned wild flora photographer, who after more than thirty years looking towards the summits decided to turn his attention to the plants growing at his feet. The site offers a particularly intuitive identification tool: you first choose the flower colour, then refine by symmetry (actinomorphic or zygomorphic) and number of petals, making it easy even for non-botanists to identify a species. Beyond the botanical guide, Joan Altimira delivers a committed message in defence of these fragile beings, threatened by roads, urban development and human indifference.

Developed by the Department of Biology of the University of the Balearic Islands in collaboration with the universities of Barcelona and Valencia, this is a scientific database cataloguing 2,327 species of the western Mediterranean flora, regularly updated. Species are accessible by scientific name, Castilian and Catalan vernacular names, or by families, with dedicated thematic sections on endemisms, orchids, ferns, protected species, parasites and carnivorous plants. Each page is illustrated with photographs taken against a neutral background with a graduated ruler, ensuring morphological precision worthy of a traditional herbarium.

A personal site that presents, with the modesty of an "occasional tourist", a photographic selection of the Pyrenean flora shaped by altitude, snow and frost over the centuries. The Pyrenean range is home to remarkable plant communities — meadows, screes and forests — dominated by Euro-Siberian and alpine species, along with a good number of endemics that give it a unique botanical character. The site is above all intended as a visual and accessible testament to this exceptional natural heritage, without scientific pretension.

A personal photographic site documenting around 300 species — flowering plants, non-flowering plants and fungi — collected mainly within a radius of about sixty kilometres around the town of Central, Alaska, at iconic sites such as Eagle Summit and the Steese Highway. Organised by botanical families and accessible via a plant kingdom index, the site also features a historical section on the botanical exploration of Alaska and the Yukon from their discovery up to 1940, based on the work of botanist Eric Hultén.

A personal photographic site by Michael L. Charters documenting 2,602 taxa of the flora of Southern California, as defined by botanist Philip Munz — a region extending from the coast to the Mojave and Colorado deserts and across the major mountain ranges. The site follows the nomenclature of the 2nd edition of the Jepson Manual of the Higher Plants of California, the standard reference for Californian flora. Michael Charters also maintains a complementary site, California Plant Names, dedicated to the Latin and Greek etymologies of plant names.

This site by Al Schneider is dedicated to the identification and discovery of the mountain and desert flora of the American south-west. Its identification tool is particularly sophisticated, allowing species to be filtered by plant type, flower colour, flowering month, altitude, habitat and leaf morphology. The site also offers biographies of naturalists, a botanical glossary and a mobile application, making it a comprehensive resource for both the general public and amateur botanists.

A site dedicated to the vascular plants of Missouri, offering photographs and detailed descriptions organised by flower colour and leaf arrangement. Each species page is remarkably thorough, describing the various parts of the plant with high-quality photographs illustrating each organ. The site also includes ecological, ethnobotanical and sometimes anecdotal information.

The educational site of an introductory course on the flora of central Texas taught at the University of Texas at Austin, covering 473 species across 103 families, with nomenclature following primarily Shinners and Mahler's Illustrated Flora of North Central Texas. Each species page offers several annotated photographs with a didactic purpose, inviting the student to observe and analyse the morphological characters of the plant. The site also includes field trips, course materials and a discussion of ethnobotany and species interactions.

Developed by the Herbarium of the University of Washington at the Burke Museum, this is an exceptional resource bringing together more than 109,000 photographs dedicated to the vascular plants, macrofungi and lichenised fungi of the State of Washington. Each species page combines photographs, a distribution map, a detailed description and synonymy, complemented by an interactive identification key. The site covers 3,229 vascular plant species and nearly 1,500 fungal species, reflecting the remarkable diversity of the landscapes of the American north-west.

Available in eight languages, this site offers comprehensive information on hundreds of wild species — plants, birds, butterflies, fish — accompanied by thousands of photographs and recordings of birdsong. Interactive identification tools allow species to be searched by common name, scientific name, genus or family, making the discovery of the natural world both accessible and enjoyable. Reaching millions of people around the world, NatureGate aims to be both a scientific resource and an invitation to explore nature.

Tela Botanica is a French-speaking collaborative network dedicated to botany, bringing together amateurs and professionals around the sharing of knowledge about plants. It offers tools including an interactive flora, a plant name database and participatory projects for observing and mapping vegetation.

This Flickr album from the Jardin du Lautaret brings together 147 photographs of the vegetation of the Kerguelen Islands (and Crozet), taken as part of a research programme of the French Polar Institute Paul Émile Victor (No. 340) dedicated to the adaptations of the Kerguelen Cabbage (Pringlea antiscorbutica) to extreme conditions. The images offer a striking glimpse of these isolated subantarctic landscapes, where a rare and endemic flora survives in one of the most hostile environments on the planet.

A site dedicated to the flora of the Hautes-Alpes, mountain regions, Corsica, the Pyrenees and Provence, currently cataloguing 5,207 plants illustrated by more than 46,500 photographs. It offers numerous search tools — by flower colour, family, flowering period, French or Latin name — as well as a list of protected plants and the IUCN Red List. The site is run by the association Pulsatille, which also organises botanical courses and field stays.

This Flickr gallery from the Station Alpine Joseph Fourier presents the indigenous flora of the Lautaret pass area, a zone of remarkable plant biodiversity with more than 1,500 species, shaped by diverse climatic and geological influences. The photographs are organised by habitat (screes, rocks, meadows, forests, wetlands), by vegetation zone (montane, subalpine, alpine) and by specific trails or routes. This interactive flora is a valuable tool for exploring the botanical richness of the French Hautes-Alpes.

The Alpine Botanical Garden of Lautaret offers on Flickr a vast photographic collection dedicated to high-mountain flora from around the world, covering regions as varied as the Alps, the Himalayas, the Caucasus, the Arctic, the Andes and the Middle East. These photographs, distributed by the Station Alpine Joseph Fourier, may be used by third parties under certain conditions. It is thus a leading international botanical resource, illustrating the diversity of mountain floras across the five continents.

This site brings together nearly one and a half million botanical observations collected since the 17th century by more than 1,000 observers, covering 5,521 taxa illustrated by 15,477 photographs. For each species, it offers an analysis of its presence, biological and ecological characteristics, and distribution maps by commune and by 5×5 km grid. Supported by the association Infloralhp and connected to the regional platform SILENE, this atlas is a remarkable tool for the knowledge and preservation of the departmental plant heritage.

A personal, non-exhaustive online herbarium cataloguing 561 species frequently encountered in La Rochelle and its surroundings (Aytré, Île de Ré, etc.). Species can be searched by family, genus, colour or species name. A simple and accessible site, ideal for discovering the flora of the Charente-Maritime coastline.

This flora is an original work by Jean-Louis Lamaison (1945–2018), a retired professor of pharmacognosy and passionate amateur botanist, presenting more than 2,500 taxa observed across the three provinces of the Northern Basque Country (Labourd, Lower Navarre and Soule). Each plant is accompanied by descriptions, distribution maps, photographs and herbarium plates, all freely accessible to the general public. This site is a remarkable tribute to a lifetime's work devoted to knowledge of the Basque flora.

This atlas, created in 1967, now records 518,550 observations covering 13,841 species across 235 communes. For each species, it provides a distribution map, observation statistics by altitude and by month, and a list of scientific synonyms.

This site is a virtual herbarium dedicated to the Eastern Pyrenees and neighbouring regions, produced by Josette Argaud, offering more than 4,550 images for 1,600 taxa. For each species, it provides several geolocated and dated photographs, accompanied by the botanical description and habitat. Last updated in 2010, it is both a scientific and personal tool, testifying to a remarkable body of fieldwork.

This site dedicated to the wild flowers of Greece offers an illustrated catalogue of the Greek flora, currently listing 4,560 plant taxa.

This site presents the flora observed during a major botanical excursion to Crete in 2004. It catalogues numerous Mediterranean and endemic plant species. The photographic collection illustrates the remarkable richness and diversity of the Cretan flora, which includes many taxa endemic to this Greek island.

The site offers a section dedicated to the flowers and plants of Crete, illustrated with photos accompanied by brief descriptions. Species are organised into five categories: Cretan endemic flowers, Greek endemic flowers, non-endemic flowers present in Crete, rare flowers and orchids. This colourful and accessible resource reflects the extraordinary floral diversity of the island, browsable through an alphabetical list of numerous species.

This blog presents detailed pages devoted to plants encountered on the island, with botanical descriptions, ecological information and field photographs. Each post covers a particular species, with details on its morphology, habitat and uses. Species are organised by botanical families.

The personal site of Finn Johannessen, a nature enthusiast with a passion for arctic flora since his first trip to Greenland in 1974. He shares his photographs of Greenlandic plants, taken during hikes in various regions of the country, accompanied by their scientific and Greenlandic names.

A site dedicated to the flora of the Carpathian Basin, presenting 573 plant species (including 254 protected species) as well as 131 plant associations. Plants can be browsed by Latin name, Hungarian name or systematic category, offering a comprehensive overview of local plant biodiversity.

Developed by the Indian Institute of Science, India Flora Online is a botanical database cataloguing the flora of India and neighbouring countries (Afghanistan, Nepal, Tibet, Bangladesh, Pakistan, etc.). It is the only initiative of its kind to combine field data and herbarium collections to document the exceptional floristic richness of the Indian subcontinent, covering all climate types and vegetation zones.

The flora of Iran is exceptionally rich, with 6,417 recorded species of which 1,810 are endemic, distributed across highly varied environments ranging from the Mesopotamian plains to the alpine zones of the Zagros Mountains. It is particularly renowned for its spring bulbs (Tulipa, Fritillaria, Muscari) and for the Dionysia, magnificent cushion plants growing in the crevices of limestone cliffs, for which Iran is one of the two main global refuges.

Iran Expedition 2003 — Iran Expedition 2017

These two SmugMug galleries by Harry Jans constitute genuine photographic archives of the Iranian flora, each containing numerous photographs. They document botanical journeys through Iran (2003 and 2017) across varied regions such as the Zagros and Elburz Mountains, with hundreds of images of wild plants — tulips, fritillaries, Dionysia and many other species characteristic of this exceptional flora.

Irish Wildflowers, created by Jenny Seawright, is a reference site dedicated to the wild flowers of Ireland, with photographs and detailed information on more than 800 native and introduced species. Each plant is presented with its common and Irish names, its scientific name and a link to BSBI distribution maps. The site also covers characteristic habitats such as the Burren and peatlands, as well as bryophytes, ferns, grasses and lichens.

The Icelandic flora comprises more than 5,500 wild species, distributed across various categories: flowering plants, ferns, mosses, lichens, fungi and algae. Icelandic scientists are continually working to improve knowledge of it, and new species — mainly fungi, lichens and mosses — are discovered every year. The number of plant species in Iceland is relatively low compared to other regions with similar climatic conditions, explained primarily by the country's isolation and the short time elapsed since the end of the last ice age, which eliminated many species. Some categories, such as freshwater and terrestrial algae, remain poorly known due to a lack of local specialists.

A selection of photographs.

The Val d'Aveto, located in the Ligurian Apennines in Italy, boasts an exceptionally rich flora, lying at the junction between the mid-European and Mediterranean phytogeographical regions while also forming a link between the Alps and the peninsular Apennines. This is further enhanced by a significant altitudinal gradient ranging from 350 to 1,800 metres and the proximity of the sea, allowing the coexistence of plant species characteristic of highly varied environments. The glacial history of the valley is another point of interest, having left cirques and moraines that shelter particular plant communities, including numerous relict alpine species such as Aquilegia alpina, Soldanella alpina and Pulsatilla alpina. The Valdaveto.net site offers 159 illustrated pages with 849 images presenting some of the plants a hiker might encounter in the valley, and invites visitors to share their knowledge of dialectal names and traditional plant uses.

Managed by the AMINT Botanical Group, the site botanica.funghiitaliani.it offers an index of more than 1,186 botanical pages classified by genus and species, accompanied by their Italian common names and taxonomic family. Each page, written and illustrated by photographers such as Giorgio Venturini, provides a detailed description of the plant along with beautiful high-quality close-up photographs. It is a comprehensive and visually refined resource, covering both the Alps and the Apennines.

An Italian site dedicated to the wild plants of Italy and their habitats, offering an exceptionally comprehensive resource with photographic galleries organised by album or by category, covering flora, lichens, bryophytes, seeds, galls and even fauna. The site also provides very useful botanical tools such as species pages, a plant morphology guide and regional florulas. Supported by an active community through its forum, it is an essential reference for both amateurs and scientists interested in Italian botany.

An online analytical flora produced by Prof. Avinoam Danin and Dr. Ori Fragman-Sapir, under the auspices of the Jerusalem Botanic Gardens. It catalogues 3,042 species classified by families and genera, with fine photographs for each taxon. Searching is highly flexible thanks to numerous filtering criteria: petal colour, distribution, life form (Raunkiaer), spines, succulence, flowering period, and more.

An online botanical search system created in 2001 by naturalist photographer Masashi Igari, enabling the identification of wild plants of Japan by flower colour, season or other criteria. Each species is illustrated with detailed, comparative, high-quality photographs. The author is also a botanical artist and has published a reference work on the Chrysosplenium of Japan, among other titles.

A comprehensive scientific e-flora dedicated to the more than 2,600 plant species of Lebanon, a country situated in one of the 34 global biodiversity hotspots, with 103 strictly endemic species. The site covers all plant groups (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes) with highly detailed pages including taxonomy, ecology, genetics, herbarium data, photographs and even cultural dimensions. Beyond the online flora, the project incorporates a seed bank (Jouzour Loubnan) in partnership with Saint Joseph University, dedicated to the conservation and propagation of native Lebanese species threatened by human activities and desertification. It is thus simultaneously a scientific, educational and conservation tool in the service of Mediterranean biodiversity.

The Old Dominion University Plant Site is an online botanical database compiled by Professor Lytton John Musselman, bringing together around 10,000 images of vascular plants, mosses and fungi from his teaching and research activities at numerous institutions around the world (Namibia, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, etc.). The floras represented reflect diverse scientific interests, including parasitic plants, Isoetes, plants of the Bible, sphagnum mosses, and the flora of south-east Virginia and the Near East (Jordan, Syria, Lebanon). The site features in particular a section dedicated to the plants of Lebanon and Syria, with access to images and species lists, in the tradition of the pioneering botanist George Edward Post (1838–1909), a historic figure in Middle Eastern botany.

This site, created by Jean-Paul Peltier from decades of fieldwork, presents the vascular flora of south-west Morocco, a region considered a true biogeographical crossroads within the Mediterranean hotspot, remarkable for its exceptional species diversity, including numerous endemics of high conservation value. The region owes its originality to the presence of ancient plant lineages of Tertiary origin, including the emblematic argan tree (Argania spinosa), a keystone species of a traditional agrarian system covering nearly 800,000 hectares. Illustrated by nearly 16,000 photographs, the site pursues the goal of documenting and safeguarding this floristic heritage, threatened by increasing desertification.

This site, hosted on tanemahuta.com, presents a photographic gallery of the flora of Mongolia, produced during a field mission in 2004. It features a long list of plant species arranged in alphabetical order of genera, illustrated with photographs.

A Norwegian/Nordic flora created and maintained by Kristin Vigander, presenting more than 1,500 plants illustrated with photographs, arranged alphabetically or by flower colour. The site extends well beyond botany to cover fungi, birds, butterflies, insects and other groups of living organisms. It is a free, participatory site, regularly updated and funded by voluntary contributions from visitors.

Plantefotoarkiv is the plant photographic archive of the Norwegian Botanical Society (NBF), organised according to the systematic order of the reference floras Lid & Lid, with alphabetical indexes by Norwegian and Latin names. Images are free to use for non-commercial purposes (teaching, nature management, private use), provided the source is cited and the photographer's name is retained. The site thus constitutes a collaborative reference tool, fed by contributions from volunteer photographers.

A French site dedicated to alpine flora and mountain flowers, covering mainly the Alps (Écrins, Queyras, Mont Blanc, etc.) but also extending to arctic regions such as Iceland and the Lofoten Islands in Norway. An "Arctic Flora" section presents species photographed north of the Arctic Circle, comparing the Norwegian vegetation — rich in peatlands and wetlands — with the more volcanic and bare landscapes of Iceland. The site thus forms a fine bridge between alpine flora and the northern floras of Europe.

A Norwegian site in English entirely dedicated to the vascular plants of the Svalbard archipelago, a Norwegian arctic territory whose largest island is Spitsbergen. It presents species through carefully composed photographs accompanied by detailed and up-to-date scientific texts, explaining in particular how these plants colonised the archipelago since the end of the last glaciation 10,000 years ago, with genetic origins from Greenland, America and Russia. The site is a valuable reference for understanding the diversity and singularity of an arctic flora shaped by climatic gradients and the geological variety of the archipelago.

This interactive flora presents the flora and vegetation of the mountains of the South Island of New Zealand. Plants are organised by geographical sites (Mount Cook, Porter's Pass, West Coast, Key Summit, etc.) and illustrated with field photographs. The project, available in French, Spanish and English, offers a comparative botanical overview of several New Zealand mountain landscapes.

A simple photographic gallery of the flora of New Zealand, produced during a field mission in January 2004. It presents a mosaic of clickable images illustrating the botanical diversity of the country — flowers, mosses, lichens and cushion alpine plants.

Founded in 2003 and with more than 1,000 members, the NZPCN is a network dedicated to the conservation of the native flora of New Zealand. Its site offers a comprehensive botanical database (indigenous, exotic and threatened flora), along with publications and resources for plant identification and management. Its mission: to have the unique plant wealth of Aotearoa recognised, valued and restored.

Harry Jans is a passionate alpine plant enthusiast born in 1957 in the Netherlands, whose fascination with these plants began during a stay in Switzerland in 1981. A founding member and former president of the Dutch Rock Garden Society, he has built up over the years a remarkable collection of rare plants in his garden, enhanced by tufa rockeries, alpine glasshouses and planted walls. An avid traveller and photographer, he has visited five continents to observe and photograph plants in their natural habitat, notably in China where he has travelled more than 17 times as an organiser of botanical tours. His site offers a gallery of more than 36,000 plant images with detailed information, constituting a precious resource for lovers of alpine and worldwide flora.

The site wilde-planten.nl, created in 2001 by Klaas Dijkstra, is a very comprehensive non-commercial resource dedicated to the wild plants of the Netherlands and Belgium, cataloguing 2,073 vascular plants (species and subspecies) observed in the wild in both countries. The site draws on recognised botanical references, notably the Standaardlijst van de Nederlandse Flora 2020 and the 24th edition of Heukels for species nomenclature. Passionate about native plants, the author has maintained since 1984 a natural garden of around 4,000 m² in south-east Friesland, which serves as his observation and photography ground. The site is continually enriched and updated, in particular to incorporate new species gradually establishing themselves in the region as a result of climate change.

Atlas-roslin.pl, created on 14 February 2002 by Marek Snowarski, is an online atlas dedicated to the flora of Poland, covering vascular plants and mosses as well as ornamental and utility varieties. The site offers a considerable resource with 12,498 taxon pages, more than 113,500 photographs, 4,944 cultivated plant pages and 16,479 listed varieties. Aimed at both naturalists and gardeners, it provides varied tools such as an illustrated flora, identification keys, a digital herbarium, a botanical dictionary and a "What is this plant?" forum. A smartphone application is also available to facilitate field identification.

An online resource offered by the Botanical Garden of UTAD (University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro), dedicated to the flora of Portugal. It provides an advanced search engine enabling plants to be identified by genus, common name, family or taxonomic order. Integrated into the UTAD Botanical Garden website, this digital flora is part of a scientific and educational approach, combining botanical exploration, research and outreach to the general public.

An online photographic flora of Romania, supervised by Babeș-Bolyai University in Cluj-Napoca, which aims to provide a visual complement to classical floras in order to facilitate the identification of the country's vascular plants. The site publishes original georeferenced photographs accompanied by ecological and chorological data, and is continually enriched in batches of 100 species ("centuries"), thanks to contributions from numerous naturalists.

FloralImages, created by J.R. Crellin, is a photographic collection dedicated primarily to the flora of north-west Europe, with a focus on the United Kingdom and Ireland. The site catalogues 1,437 species of wild plants, including 1,003 native or pre-1500 AD established species, and follows the nomenclature of the New Flora of the British Isles, Fourth Edition. Plants can be browsed by flower colour, common name, Latin name or botanical family, and the site also extends to other regions of the world such as Europe, Asia, the Philippines and Antarctica. External photographic contributions are welcome, and the content is published under a Creative Commons licence.

ukwildflowers.com, created in 2004 by Peter Llewellyn, is a personal photographic site run by an amateur botanist, initially focused on the wild flowers of Great Britain before expanding to Ireland, continental Europe and Western Australia. It offers 1,584 photographs of wild plants of the British Isles, including native and introduced species, as well as some fungi, butterflies and birds. The site provides detailed indexes by region (British, European, Australian) and by format (text or thumbnails), enabling easier plant identification.

This site, created by Stepantsova N.V. and Berlov O.E. (2006–2015), is an online atlas-guide dedicated to the plants of the Baikal region in Siberia. It offers comprehensive sections covering morphology, systematics, a family identification key, a photographic atlas, and a list of protected and medicinal plants of the region. Cited as a scientific resource, the site also constitutes a condensed account of the flora of the Irkutsk region, making it a serious botanical reference for this part of the world, rich in plant biodiversity.

A personal project by Viatcheslav Petoukhine devoted to the nature and landscapes of the Lake Baikal region, which the author describes as a place of unforgettable grandeur and beauty, surrounded by the Siberian taiga, mountain ranges and steppes, with the Eastern Sayan Mountains to the south-west. The site is structured into numerous sections: regions, maps, photographs, natural features (rivers, passes, summits, lakes, waterfalls, canyons, springs, cliffs, islands, caves, etc.), fauna, flora, forums and expedition accounts. The "Plants and Fungi" section constitutes a genuine botanical and mycological database, offering an alphabetical index in Russian and Latin covering fungi, lichens, algae, mosses and vascular plants. Species can be browsed via a tree-structured taxonomic classification or organised by geographical districts (Olkhon, Baikalo-Lensky, Barguzinsky, Munku-Sardyk, Krugobaykalka, etc.), making this site a comprehensive reference for the biodiversity of this region of eastern Siberia.

An illustrated atlas and online identification tool for plants and lichens of Russia and neighbouring countries (former USSR), intended for amateurs and professionals alike — botanists, geobotanists and ecologists. It offers three main services: plant identification by visual appearance, taxon search by Latin or Russian name, and geographical search by region and collection point. Unlike classical floras, it does not use a dichotomous key but allows the free selection of any number of criteria. The project is underpinned by a solid taxonomic database founded on several major scientific references, including Cherepanov's Flora of Vascular Plants of Russia (1995), Ignatov's Flora of Mosses of Russia, and lists of lichens and liverworts. With more than 53,000 taxa, 134,000 Latin names, 693,000 photographs and 1,758 active contributors, Plantarium constitutes a leading non-commercial collaborative resource for the identification and documentation of plant biodiversity across the post-Soviet space.

This is not a flora but an online encyclopaedia dedicated to ornamental garden plants. This non-commercial project, based in Russia, brings together descriptions of genera, species and varieties of decorative plants, accompanied by cultivation advice and illustrations drawn from books, journals and CD-ROMs. With nearly 2,700 documents and 27,800 photographs, it constitutes a collaborative resource intended for all gardening enthusiasts.

The personal site of Mikhail Golubev, a mountain hiker and photographer active since 1997. He catalogues 3,493 geographical features (passes, summits, lakes, etc.) illustrated by nearly 17,000 photographs of the western, central and southern Caucasus.

The site also offers detailed maps of passes and summits, hiking accounts and photo albums, as well as practical articles on trekking routes in the region.

The "Mountain Flowers" section is but a small annexe to this vast catalogue. The author lists 89 species photographed during his expeditions, without any particular botanical pretension.

A Slovenian photographic site dedicated to the plants of Slovenia, presented with their scientific and Slovenian vernacular names, classified by family. Navigation is facilitated by search by name, family or flowering period (month). It is an illustrated resource intended for plant identification, with no explicitly scientific ambition.

The site of Leif & Anita Stridvall is the personal work of two Swedish amateurs passionate about botany and mycology, who spent forty years photographing the wild floras of Europe, the Mediterranean basin and beyond. It offers extensive photographic galleries covering 3,701 flowering plant species, 783 lichens and 1,501 fungi, illustrated by nearly 20,000 photographs. The site also includes a personal mycological database of more than 210,000 observations made in Sweden since 1970.

This site presents the personal garden of this passionate Swedish enthusiast, situated at Övertänger in Dalarna, open to visits by appointment. The photographic galleries are organised by botanical families and genera (Gentiana, Saxifraga, Meconopsis, hardy orchids, Primulaceae, etc.), with a marked preference for alpine and rock garden plants. The site, available in Swedish, German and English, also includes photographs from botanical journeys in Siberia and the Russian Far East.

This national data and information centre for the flora of Switzerland constitutes the official scientific reference for the Swiss vascular flora. It offers an online notebook for recording observations, a species distribution atlas and reference lists, notably for neophytes. It is a professional tool intended for both botanists and amateur naturalists wishing to contribute to the monitoring of Swiss plant biodiversity.

An amateur Swiss site dedicated to the flowering plants of Switzerland, based on the Flora Helvetica 2012, cataloguing 2,009 species photographed by a botany enthusiast. The search function is particularly user-friendly, allowing plants to be filtered by flower colour, family, genus, flowering month, altitude or ecological group. The author, not a biologist by training, invites visitors to correct her should any identification errors be found.

The Alpenbotaniker Ernst Gubler site (alpenbotaniker.ch) is the personal work of a Swiss amateur botanist, regularly updated, covering alpine and meadow flora, ferns, mosses and lichens, European orchids, Mediterranean flora, as well as butterflies and insects. The species pages, illustrated with numerous high-quality photographs, achieve a remarkable level of detail, extending even to rare hybrids such as Orchiaceras spurium. Although a personal site, it stands out for its taxonomic rigour and the diversity of groups covered.

This site aims to bring together visual data and information on the flora of Turkey, a country of extraordinary botanical richness with more than 9,600 species (12,000 including subspecies and varieties), where a new plant is discovered every 5.5 days. It draws on the major reference work Flora of Turkey by Davis in 11 volumes, and offers a photographic presentation of native Turkish plants, enriched by contributions from numerous volunteer botanists and naturalists.

A site dedicated to the Mount Ida National Park (Kazdağları) in Turkey, at the confluence of the European-Siberian, Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian biogeographical regions, making it a territory of exceptional floristic richness. Around 800 taxa belonging to 101 families have been recorded, including 29 strictly local endemics and 77 Turkish endemics. The site offers a botanical section organised into categories (local endemics, Turkish endemics, rare plants) illustrated with photographs, constituting an original resource on a flora that is poorly documented in Western languages.

Androsace World is an online photographic gallery created by Jozef Lemmens, entirely dedicated to the genus Androsace, with the ambition of photographing all known species. The site follows the taxonomy of George Smith and Duncan Lowe, and presents species, subspecies and varieties arranged alphabetically, including natural hybrids. It calls upon photographers from around the world to enrich its collection of images taken in the wild or in gardens.

The International Clematis Society is an international association dedicated to clematis enthusiasts, offering its members meetings, visits to famous gardens and a journal (Clematis International). It manages an international cultivar register in collaboration with the RHS, and publishes a list of recommended clematis available in several languages including French. The society is active on social media and encourages both amateur and professional breeders to register their new varieties.

The Crocus Pages is a specialised section of the Scottish Rock Garden Club (SRGC) website, entirely dedicated to the genus Crocus. It offers a comprehensive inventory of species and varieties arranged alphabetically, including botanical subspecies and varieties. It is a reference resource for crocus enthusiasts, hosted by a club renowned for its expertise in rock garden plants.

The site of Herman Laporte, a Belgian nurseryman from Ramsel, who offers for sale a selection of Daphne that he propagates in small quantities each year. But the site is also the showcase of a far larger personal collection, documented through a rich photographic gallery cataloguing rare species, forms and cultivars. A doubly precious resource: both a commercial catalogue and a botanical reference for enthusiasts of the genus.

The site of Dirk Jockel, entirely devoted to the genus Daphne, covering species, hybrids, botany and cultivation. Available in English and German, it offers photographs, historical information and advice on planting and propagation for these rock garden rarities. The site, which is collaborative in nature, invites enthusiasts to contribute and draws on a solid bibliography, citing the essential reference works on the genus such as those by Halda, Brickell & Mathew and Robin White.

The personal site of Josef Mayr, a German enthusiast entirely dedicated to the genera Dionysia and Oncocyclus Iris, two groups of rare and demanding plants highly prized by rock gardeners. It offers photographic galleries (species and hybrids) of these delicate plants, carefully cultivated by the author, without commentary or explanatory text. An intimate and specialised site, invaluable for lovers of these alpine rarities.

A collaborative Belgian site dedicated to gentian enthusiasts, offering a growing database with photographs and plant profiles, enriched by contributors from around the world (Europe, Asia, the Americas, Africa). It also publishes thematic articles on the botany of the genus, such as studies of the Gentiana verna group and the morphology of plant parts. A living and international resource, regularly updated since its launch in 2003.

This site, hosted on the Lucid Central platform, is entirely dedicated to the genus Helichrysum and offers a comprehensive alphabetical list of species, each with a detailed fact sheet covering vernacular names, etymology, botanical description, distribution and taxonomy. Focused on southern Africa (South Africa, Lesotho, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, etc.), it constitutes a rigorous reference clearly intended for botanists and naturalists specialising in this vast and species-rich genus.

The American Iris Society (AIS) is an international non-profit organisation founded in 1920, whose mission is to promote the cultivation, improvement and appreciation of irises through shows, botanical explorations and educational activities. It publishes a quarterly bulletin entitled IRISES, accessible to all its members, and holds an extensive photographic library. In 1971, the AIS Foundation was established to support research and scientific publications on the genus Iris.

It is important to save the flowers for floral stem cuttings.

"The flowers are produced on a scape two to four inches long with leaves on the lower part. Remove it as close to the plant as possible and leave to dry overnight. Then insert into sand and they will root within five or six weeks."

A remarkable article for successful cultivation: (automatic translation)

The Consortium of Lichen Herbaria is a global platform dedicated to the biodiversity of lichenised fungi, bringing together data from herbaria in North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia, Africa and Oceania, as well as personal collections and research observations. It provides species lists organised by geographical region, ranging from the Arctic to the Southern Subpolar Region, with interactive search tools such as identification keys and maps. Supported by numerous international institutions, including the IUCN and the National Science Foundation, this consortium constitutes an essential resource for the study and conservation of lichens worldwide.

A bilingual site (English/German) created by Dr Markus Hohenegger, dedicated to the genus Lilium as well as the related genera Cardiocrinum and Nomocharis, addressing both scientists and passionate gardeners. It offers photographic galleries, taxonomic information and a database on wild lily species. Active since 2002 and updated until 2016.

A botanical and horticultural reference site devoted to the Malvaceae family in the broad sense (sensu APG), which encompasses the traditional Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae, including plants as varied as mallows, hibiscus, baobabs, kapok trees, cacao trees and jutes. It provides comprehensive resources on classification, biology and genus descriptions, a digital herbarium and an index of vernacular names in numerous languages. This site constitutes an indispensable tool for researchers and enthusiasts wishing to explore the diversity and taxonomy of this vast family of angiosperms.

Günther's Homepage is a personal bilingual site (German/English) created in October 2001, devoted primarily to European orchids and their hybrids, with additional sections on other plants and nature in general. It presents a rich collection of personal photographs, notably of the genus Ophrys and other wild orchids observed in the field across Europe.

This site dedicated to Chilean orchids offers an illustrated botanical revision with colour digital photographs taken from fresh material, addressing the historical difficulties of studying this family from dried herbarium specimens alone, which distort and discolour these plants. Although modest compared to tropical orchids, the approximately 75 Chilean species distributed across 7 genera have long been neglected in the botanical literature — a situation already lamented by Reiche in 1910. Since the site went online, a renewed interest in Chilean orchids has been evidenced by the publication of several reference works, including two editions of the Guía de campo de las orquídeas chilenas.

A varied French personal site, covering European orchids (with detailed studies of the genus Ophrys), botany by family (Campanulaceae, Papaveraceae, Solanaceae, etc.), mycology and herpetology, all illustrated with high-quality personal photographs. The botanical section is organised by family and geographical theme, including notably the plants of the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands, protected plants in France and carnivorous plants. This general natural history site stands out for the richness and precision of its iconography, as well as its in-depth morphological analyses, particularly for wild orchids.

A site entirely devoted to the orchid genus Pleione, offering more than 1,000 photographs together with detailed information on the cultivation, purchase and taxonomy of these plants, including a complete list of registered hybrids. It is aimed at both experienced growers and newcomers, with practical guides on watering, fertilisation and greenhouse cultivation, as well as tutorials on seed propagation. The site aims both to accompany already passionate enthusiasts and to introduce this fascinating genus to new admirers.

Wild and exotic orchids, with a speciality in Pleurothallididaeae. The site 'Orchidées en Nord', showcase of the Northern section of the Société Française d'Orchidophilie (SFO), offers rich photographic galleries devoted to wild orchids of northern France, France as a whole and Europe, as well as extensive coverage of exotic orchids classified by genus from A to Z. An entire section is dedicated to the Pleurothallisidinae, a subtribe of neotropical orchids, with a comprehensive illustrated list of genera.

The Wolfe Lab at Ohio State University offers a comprehensive database cataloguing 380 Penstemon species, each accompanied by detailed botanical profiles (taxonomy, habitat, distribution range, soil type, altitude) and an extensive photographic library produced by Andi Wolfe. The database is searchable by filters, including flower colour, and constitutes an indispensable scientific tool for enthusiasts and researchers passionate about this North American botanical genus.

Founded in 1946 by passionate gardeners, the American Penstemon Society is dedicated to advancing knowledge of penstemons, their introduction into cultivation and the development of new cultivars. It offers members resources on identification, cultivation and propagation, organises annual meetings and also works towards the protection of threatened species.

A collaborative encyclopaedia dedicated to geophytes — bulbs, corms, rhizomes and tubers — covering thousands of species with photographs, cultivation advice and information on their natural habitat. Written by passionate volunteer members from around the world, it highlights the remarkable diversity of these often overlooked plants in cultivation, many of which are threatened with extinction in their natural environment. The Pacific Bulb Society, a non-profit organisation associated with the wiki, also offers seed and bulb exchanges as well as a quarterly newsletter for its members.

The Pacific Bulb Society (PBS), founded in 2002, is an American non-profit organisation dedicated to enthusiasts of bulbs, geophytes and associated plants. It offers paying members a bulb and seed exchange, a quarterly newsletter (The Bulb Garden) and a collaborative wiki rich in photographs and information. A specific exchange for members residing in the EU has been established, managed from Germany, with two sessions per year in spring and autumn.

The ICPS is an international organisation bringing together gardeners, conservationists, scientists and educators passionate about carnivorous plants, accessible to beginners and professional researchers alike. It publishes the Carnivorous Plant Newsletter (CPN) four times a year, featuring horticultural articles, research papers, field reports and conservation news, and organises regular events including world conferences and Zoom webinars. Its website provides numerous free resources — cultivation guides, archives, a names and cultivars database, photo gallery — making the ICPS an essential reference for any enthusiast or specialist of carnivorous plants.

The GFP is a German non-profit association working for the protection of natural habitats and research into carnivorous plants, with active regional groups in Germany, Austria and Switzerland that regularly organise meetings and plant exchange fairs. Its members receive the journal Das Taublatt, which publishes articles and reports on the world of carnivorous plants, complemented by a circular letter on the association's activities. An online forum also allows members to exchange information and experiences on the cultivation and latest news concerning carnivorous plants.

A collaborative site dedicated to the genus Pinguicula, the work of Eric Partrat, Forbes Conrad and a team of botanists, horticulturalists and explorers, with the motto "Knowledge is not knowledge unless it is shared." It offers detailed descriptions of species, hybrids and cultivars, field reports, and cultivation guides covering both propagation techniques and growing environments. The site also highlights the collections of enthusiasts from around the world — from Gascony in France to Los Angeles, Australia and Germany — bearing witness to an international community united by a love of this carnivorous plant.

A visual reference site created in 2000 by Pam Eveleigh, entirely devoted to the identification of species in the genus Primula, at whose heart lies a gallery of several thousand photographs accompanied by links to herbarium specimens and taxonomic notes. True to the philosophy that "a picture is worth a thousand words", the site deliberately favours a visual approach to conveying botanical information, where verbal descriptions reach their limits. A blog on the home page documents the sources and discoveries made in the course of researching each species, thanks to contributions from numerous photographers around the world.

The National Auricula & Primula Society – Midland & West Section is a British society dedicated to the cultivation and exhibition of auriculas and primulas, plants historically grown as "florists' flowers" according to rigorous standards for more than 350 years. It covers the entire genus Primula — which comprises more than 425 species and thousands of hybrids — including show auriculas (edged, selfs, striped), alpines, doubles, border auriculas and gold-laced polyanthus. The section organises several shows and meetings throughout the year, giving members the opportunity to exchange seeds, cuttings and advice, to take part in friendly competitions and to meet fellow enthusiasts.

This site devoted to the wildflowers of Saskatchewan (Canada) offers photographs and descriptions of more than 600 native and introduced plant species, photographed across the province's four ecoregions: Prairie, Cypress Upland, Parkland and Boreal. Navigation is organised by flower colour, scientific or common name, with dedicated sections for Saskatchewan's native orchids and carnivorous plants.

A world reference on parasitic flowering plants. The Parasitic Plant Connection, created by Dan Nickrent, botanist and evolutionary biologist at Southern Illinois University, is a comprehensive scientific database cataloguing all parasitic flowering plants, organised into 12 orders corresponding to the 12 independent evolutionary events that gave rise to parasitism in angiosperms. For each of the 292 families and genera listed, the site provides detailed profiles with phylogenetic classification, distribution maps and a photographic library covering 275 genera (94%), comprising photographs of living plants, herbarium specimens, paintings and line drawings.

The SBR, founded more than 30 years ago and based in Scaër (Finistère), is an association of enthusiasts dedicated to the cultivation, hybridisation and conservation of rhododendrons in Brittany and beyond. It is particularly renowned for its seed bank, produced from hand pollination, which each year attracts international customers from the Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark and Poland, among others. Under the presidency of Maurice Lerrol de Kernével since 2025, the SBR regularly organises meetings, visits to prestigious gardens and events at the Domaine de Trévarez, while registering its own Breton hybrids with the Royal Horticultural Society.

The ARS is a non-profit organisation founded to encourage interest in and disseminate information about the genus Rhododendron, bringing together members of all levels, from beginner to seasoned expert. It offers numerous activities such as plant sales, flower shows, seed exchanges and scientific research, and constitutes an exchange network through its publications, local meetings and international conferences. Its local chapters are established throughout North America as well as in Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Scotland and Sweden, and its individual members are present worldwide, from Australia to Brazil, Japan, France and South Africa.

An association dedicated to promoting the cultivation of rhododendrons in Denmark, where members share their knowledge on the cultivation, propagation, pruning and hybridisation of rhododendrons and azaleas. It regularly offers lectures, courses, seed sales and a rich documentary archive, and publishes its bulletin "RhodoNyt" three times a year. Its website also hosts an extensive photographic library illustrating numerous rhododendron species, enriched through donations from its members.

The RSBG, located in Federal Way, Washington State, is a non-profit organisation dedicated to the conservation, public display and distribution of rhododendron species. It houses one of the largest collections of wild rhododendrons in the world, with more than 700 species represented, originating from North America, Europe, Asia and the tropical regions of South-East Asia and Australia. Conservation has become an increasingly pressing priority in the face of the destruction of rhododendron habitats in many parts of the globe.

Founded on 28 September 2003 on the initiative of Richard Dionne, this society, which is responsible for the Ericacaetum at the Montreal Botanical Garden, is affiliated with that same garden and is a member of the Fédération des sociétés d'horticulture et d'écologie du Québec. Its mission is to promote the cultivation of rhododendrons and their companion plants, through lectures, café-meetings, publications and visits to private gardens. These visits allow amateur gardeners to discover the secrets of growing ericaceous plants within the particular context of the Quebec climate.

A saxifrage photographic library on Facebook. Karel Lang, a Czech enthusiast recognised as a "master" by his peers, shares on his Facebook page a remarkable photographic collection of saxifrages, including numerous named hybrids and cultivars. His posts, followed by nearly 1,000 subscribers, constitute a highly valued visual reference for alpine plant enthusiasts worldwide.

A site offering more than 1,700 photographs covering more than 600 different varieties of sedums and related genera, constituting a rare iconographic resource of which many varieties are unobtainable elsewhere on the internet. Its primary objective is to assist in the correct identification of sedums and other succulents, while inspiring enthusiasm for these plants of remarkable diversity.

The site of Horst Diehm, published on 4 January 2001, is entirely devoted to Sempervivum and Jovibarba and constitutes an encyclopaedic reference for enthusiasts of these plants. It features the "Diehmor", a vast repertory listing cultivars and natural forms of Sempervivum, S. heuffelii and S. globiferum from A to Z, along with their local forms. The site also includes in-depth articles on cultivation, diseases, phytotherapeutic uses and superstitions associated with these plants, as well as contributions from specialists such as Martin Haberer and Manuel Werner of Nürtingen.

The site of Manfred Rothmeier presents his 850 m² garden devoted for more than 35 years to rock garden plants, with several alpine beds, troughs and containers housing notable collections of Sempervivum and Saxifraga. A passionate sower and cultivator of these plants, he has developed his own varieties, identifiable by the code MRO in his lists and photo captions. His many mountain hikes, during which he observes these plants in their natural habitat, have directly inspired the design and layout of his garden.

Digital book (210 pages). This is the latest edition of a monograph devoted to the spectacular rosulate violas of South America, written by experts in their field. John and Anita Watson live in Chile and have been studying violas in depth for many years. This work constitutes a valuable summary of the current state of knowledge on these plants.

The Alpine Garden Society (Ulster group) page presents the rosulate violas, Andean pansies from South America whose leaves are arranged in a rosette resembling a sempervivum, illustrated by photographs taken during the AGS 2005 expedition to Patagonia led by John and Hilary Birks. Several species are described, such as Viola sacculus, minute and delicate; Viola cotyledon, the most widespread; and Viola coronifera, yellow and extremely rare, discovered only a few years ago and confined to a single mountain. These plants represent a challenge to cultivate in an alpine garden, and some have already been shown at exhibitions, though they remain for the most part wild wonders still little known.

A French horticultural organisation dedicated to alpine and rock garden plants. It brings together enthusiasts wishing to deepen their knowledge of this particular flora and share their experience. It offers its members publications, seed exchanges, lectures and meetings enabling them to cultivate and promote the riches of alpine and mountain flora, with a particular sensitivity towards species adapted to French and European climatic conditions.

 

The SAJA thus contributes to spreading the culture of alpine and rock gardens among French-speaking audiences, in keeping with an old and well-established European horticultural tradition, and stands as the French-language reference for all enthusiasts of alpine and rock garden plants wishing to exchange knowledge and progress in this demanding and fascinating discipline.

The Société Botanique de France (SBF) is one of the oldest and most prestigious French learned societies dedicated to botany. Founded in 1854, it brings together professional botanists, researchers, teachers and knowledgeable amateurs who share a common passion for the plant world. It works to disseminate botanical knowledge through its scientific publications, lectures, field sessions and exchanges between members. Its scope of interest is broad, covering systematics, floristics, plant ecology and species conservation alike. It publishes the journal "Botanique" and plays an active role in the inventory and understanding of French and world flora.

 

The SBF constitutes an essential bridge between academic botanical research and the community of plant enthusiasts, contributing for more than 170 years to the advancement of knowledge about the plant world.

The SPARQ, founded in April 2000, is a partner society of the Montreal Botanical Garden and affiliated with the NARGS (North American Rock Garden Society). It brings together Quebec gardeners, both amateur and experienced, around a shared passion for alpine flora and rock garden plants, which remain too little known and too seldom available on the local horticultural market. The SPARQ has set itself the mission of fostering a community of enthusiasts, raising gardeners' awareness of alpine plant cultivation, and stimulating the Quebec horticultural industry. It offers its members an annual seed list, enabling them to obtain seeds of alpine and rock garden plants that are difficult to find commercially, with a seed list and order form accessible directly on its website.

The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) is a British organisation founded in 1804, dedicated to the promotion and development of horticulture in the United Kingdom and worldwide. It is particularly renowned for organising the prestigious Chelsea Flower Show, one of the most celebrated horticultural shows in the world. The RHS also manages several iconic gardens, publishes guides and resources for gardeners, and works towards plant conservation and horticultural education.

The AGS is a British horticultural organisation founded in 1929, making it one of the oldest societies dedicated to alpine plants in the world. Based in England, it is internationally recognised as an indispensable reference in the field of alpine, rock garden and mountain plants. The AGS offers its members a high-quality quarterly journal, the Alpine Gardener, as well as one of the most comprehensive seed exchange programmes in the world. It organises prestigious flower shows, lectures, botanical tours to the four corners of the globe and regional meetings run by very active local groups. Its website alpinegardensociety.net offers numerous resources, forums and documentation for enthusiasts. Founded before the SRGC (1933) and the NARGS (1934), the AGS may be considered the pioneer of this worldwide horticultural movement dedicated to alpine and mountain floras.

The SRGC, born in 1933 in Scotland, is far more than a simple gardening club. It is a living scientific and horticultural community that has worked for nearly a century to promote, preserve and share knowledge about alpine and mountain plants. Starting from Scotland, the club has established itself as a worldwide reference, today bringing together members on every continent. Through its quality publications, its unique seed exchange programme and its numerous events, it constitutes an indispensable network for all those interested in this particular and often spectacular flora.

The NRV is a Dutch association founded in 1985 under the name Nederlandse Rotsplantenwerkgroep (NRW), bringing together enthusiasts of rock garden plants. From its beginnings as a simple club of enthusiasts wishing to share a common interest, it has gradually grown into a medium-sized association now counting approximately 675 members.

The Rock Gardeners Club Prague (KSP) is the largest rock gardening association in the Czech Republic, bringing together more than 600 members, a tenth of whom are from abroad, united by a passion for mountain flora, rock garden, woodland and aquatic plants, and dwarf trees. The association publishes a quarterly magazine — Skalničky — distributed worldwide, with an English summary for foreign readers, and offers an annual seed exchange of more than 1,500 varieties. Among its flagship activities, the KSP organises three annual shows on Charles Square in Prague, lectures by national and international speakers, and visits and meetings in the various Czech regions. Most of its events are open to the general public.

The Hebe and New Zealand Plant Society (formerly the Hebe Society) is a British charitable association founded in 1985, whose mission is to promote the cultivation and conservation of Hebes and other plants native to New Zealand. It has members principally in the British Isles, but also in Europe, North America and New Zealand. The society publishes an illustrated magazine called Hebe News, runs a YouTube channel and organises regular events, including its annual AGM — in 2025 it celebrated its 40th anniversary in Edinburgh.

The NZAGS is an association dedicated to alpine plant enthusiasts, with a particular interest in plants native to New Zealand growing at high altitude, above the treeline. It is also interested in a wide variety of plants of alpine character from other regions of the world such as the Americas, the Mediterranean, Australia and South Africa. For members who are geographically distant, the association remains accessible through its publications: a 40-page biannual bulletin and a newsletter six times a year, as well as an annual seed list often featuring seeds collected in the wild.

The NARGS (North American Rock Garden Society) is a North American horticultural organisation founded in 1934, one year after the Scottish SRGC from which it draws much of its inspiration. Based in North America, it shares the same values and objectives: to promote the cultivation, knowledge and preservation of alpine, rock garden and mountain plants among both amateur and professional audiences. The NARGS offers its members a leading journal, the Rock Garden Quarterly, as well as a highly regarded seed exchange programme, offering thousands of rare references each year. It also organises conferences, botanical tours and regional meetings, fostering exchanges within a passionate and international community. Its online platform nargs.org complements these activities by offering forums, resources and documentation. Close in spirit to the SRGC, the NARGS is distinguished by its North American roots and its particular attention to species native to the continent, while remaining open to alpine floras from around the world.

Developed by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, this site is a botanical database of remarkable global scope: more than 1.4 million plant names, 530,800 detailed descriptions and 509,900 images. Free and openly accessible, it is one of the most comprehensive and reliable taxonomic references in the world, ideal for verifying the validity of a name or obtaining detailed information on any plant. 🌿

A collaborative online world flora that aims to catalogue all known plants, within the framework of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation. Continuously updated, it allows users to browse the classification, verify scientific names, consult images and download data. It is an international taxonomic reference, fed by contributions from numerous botanical institutions around the world. 🌿

Plantes-Passion is a French-language forum dedicated to plant enthusiasts, affiliated with the SAJA (Société des Amateurs de Jardins Alpins). It covers a very wide range of topics, from rock garden plants and perennials to exotic plants, bulbs, orchids and cacti, as well as general gardening, vegetable growing and nature. It also offers practical sections such as plant identification, propagation techniques, and a classifieds board for exchanges and donations between members. A genuine community of sharing and mutual support for all gardening and botany enthusiasts. 🌿

A highly active Canadian forum, home to the discussions of SPARQ, a Quebec-based association dedicated to alpine and rock garden plants. The community shares conference talks, specialist newsletters such as Alpine-Genium, and brings together enthusiasts and experts from the French-speaking horticultural world in Canada. 😊

A highly regarded discussion forum in the world of alpine and rock garden plants, frequented by enthusiasts and experts from around the globe. Restricted to association members, registration is required to access and take part in the discussions.